Advanced Biocatalytic Processes for the Conversion of Renewable Feedstocks into High-Value Oleochemicals

Oleochemicals, which are obtained from vegetable and animal fats and oils, have become indispensable in the food, cosmetics, pharmaceutical and biofuel industries. Traditionally, they are synthesized using chemical catalysts, a process that is often associated with high energy requirements and a considerable environmental impact. Biocatalysis, using enzymes such as lipases, has emerged as a transformative alternative that offers high specificity, environmental friendliness and cost-efficiency. This review comprehensively examines the current state of biocatalysis for oleochemical synthesis, highlighting key reactions such as esterification and transesterification and their integration into industrial processes. A bibliometric analysis uncovers global trends and collaborations, while case studies illustrate cost efficiency and scalability. The article outlines recommendations and future research directions to advance biocatalytic processes. This review is intended to be an important resource for researchers and industries transitioning to sustainable oleochemical production.